| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Wood used for upright supports and cross bars of the smoke curing rack. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make wooden spoons, stoppers for sturgeon skin jars and hammers to pound fish eggs. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Fuel Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dried rotten wood with other rotten woods used to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bark used to make moose calls. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Containers Fine, shredded bark used as vessels to catch sap from trees in sugar making-time. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Cooking Tools Fine, shredded bark used as household utensils. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Lighting Fine, shredded bark bound into bundles and used for torches. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Dakota Other, Toys & Games Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Flathead Other, Containers Bark used to line sacks and stiffen them into baskets. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Gitksan Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Gitksan Other, Containers Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Gitksan Other, Lighting Used to make torches. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Burned bark ashes used to 'shrivel the womb.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Drug, Unspecified Plant spirit used by the shaman to heal sick people. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe ribs. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Fiber, Snow Gear Wood used to make sleds and snowshoe frames. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Containers Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Bark used to start campfires or light the stove at home. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make fish traps. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Malecite Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used for canoes. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Malecite Other, Containers Bark used for boxes and other containers. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Menominee Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of inner bark used for dysentery. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Menominee Drug, Tonic Decoction of branch tips used as a tonic. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Meskwaki Fiber, Building Material Bark strips used as the waterproof, top coverings of wigwams. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Meskwaki Fiber, Canoe Material Paper birch used to make canoes. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Micmac Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Micmac Fiber, Building Material Bark used to make house coverings. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Micmac Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1948, Ethnobotanique Et Ethnozoologie Gaspesiennes, Archives de Folklore 3:51-64, page 56 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Micmac Other, Containers Bark used to make boxes, coffins and other containers. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Micmac Other, Cooking Tools Bark used to make dishes and cooking utensils. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Montagnais Food, Dietary Aid Inner bark grated and eaten to benefit the diet. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Montana Indian Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Adjuvant Root used as a seasoner for medicines. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Root bark cooked with maple sugar as syrup for stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of root bark taken to alleviate stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Dye, Red Innermost bark boiled to extract a reddish dye. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Basketry Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Basketry Bark used for buckets and baskets. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Basketry Baskets made for gathering and storing berries, maple sugar, dried fish, meat or any food. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Building Material Bark used for wigwam coverings. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Building Material Bark used to build dwellings and lodges. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Building Material Sheets of bark sewn together, made into rolls and used as waterproof roofing for wigwams. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used for canoes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make birch bark canoes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Fiber, Canoe Material Heavy pieces of bark used to make very durable canoes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414 |